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Dr. Zou leads a groundbreaking analysis undertaking utilizing nanotechnology to develop cloud-seeding supplies. Cloud seeding is a type of climate modification that mimics what naturally happens in clouds however enhances the method by including particles that may stimulate and speed up the condensation course of. Nonetheless, Dr. Zou explains, “The cloud-seeding supplies used at present have been round for a lot of many years. The knowledge and strategies are outdated and their effectiveness is just not properly understood.”
Cloud seeding has strict necessities. To achieve success, scientists want the suitable air temperature, the suitable humidity, a floor that draws water and retains it, after which the proper dimension materials to permit condensation to kind on the particle.
“By way of the development in nanotechnology and nanoscience, these days we’re working to design and engineer cloud-seeding supplies with optimum properties to make sure water vapor condensation will happen successfully and maximize the rainfall achieved,” explains Dr. Zou.
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Full transcript
Laurel Ruma: From MIT Know-how Assessment, I am Laurel Ruma, and that is Enterprise Lab. The present that helps enterprise leaders make sense of latest applied sciences popping out of the lab and into the market place.
Our matter at present is cloud seeding to extend rainfall. Though cloud seeding has been round for the reason that Nineteen Forties, local weather change and inhabitants development are driving scientists to take a better take a look at the know-how, which may supply a viable cost-effective complement to present water provides, notably in arid and semi-arid areas, just like the United Arab Emirates.
To assist advance the science, in 2015 the UAE authorities launched a brand new initiative, the UAE Analysis Program for Rain Enhancement Science. The goal is to get different revolutionary tasks from scientists within the discipline of rain enhancement from everywhere in the world, with the profitable concepts acquiring a grant of $5 million to work and enhance on ideas for a interval of three years. Two phrases for you: nanoengineered supplies.
My visitor at present is Dr. Linda Zou, who’s a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Khalifa College of Science and Know-how. Dr. Zou leads a groundbreaking analysis undertaking utilizing nanotechnology to develop cloud seeding supplies.
She was awarded a grant by the UAE Analysis Program on rain enhancement science from 2016 to 2019. Dr. Zou’s analysis pursuits embody making use of nanotechnology and membrane science to the event of low vitality and excessive effectivity novel desalination and water purification options. This podcast is produced in partnership with the UAE Pavilion Expo 2020 Dubai. Welcome, Dr. Zou.
Dr. Zou: Thanks, Laurel.
Laurel: You have been one of many first scientists on the planet to discover using nanotechnology in cloud seeding. Why are you curious about this sort of analysis?
Dr. Zou: The cloud seeding supplies used at present have been round for a lot of many years. The knowledge and strategies are outdated and their effectiveness is just not properly understood. By way of the development in nanotechnology and nanoscience, these days we’re working to design and engineer cloud seeding supplies with optimum properties to make sure water vapor condensation will happen successfully and maximize the rainfall achieved.
Laurel: Cloud seeding is a type of climate modification that mimics what naturally happens in clouds however enhances the method by including particles that may stimulate and speed up the condensation course of. Might you clarify in additional element how cloud seeding works?
Dr. Zou: Within the pure water cycle on the earth, the solar irradiates on the floor of our planet and the water on the floor is evaporated by the warmth because the vapors. The tiny vapors rise into the ambiance with out condensation nuclei, that are small particles. They continue to be as vapors within the air and transfer greater and additional.
The pure occurring condensation nuclei are similar to mud particles, volcano flash, or pollens. Sadly, such materials is unpredictable, the place and the way a lot obtainable. However, cloud seeding observe is to launch synthetic seeding supplies as nuclei to provoke the water vapor within the cloud to condense into droplets and promote the formation of huge droplets till they develop sufficiently big to fall as rain.
The important thing components of a profitable cloud seeding operation embody, first, figuring out the acceptable cloud for seeding. Second, having the environment friendly seeding materials for water droplet formation.
Laurel: To efficiently cloud seed, you want a variety of issues: the suitable air temperature, the suitable humidity, a floor that draws water and retains it, after which the proper dimension materials to permit condensation to kind on the particle. Is that right?
Dr. Zou: Sure. Sure.
Laurel: Though cloud seeding has been round for many years, how does at present’s know-how transfer it towards a larger success fee?
Dr. Zou: As we all know, the worldwide water scarcity has constantly intensified by speedy inhabitants development and financial improvement all over the world. Typical water sources similar to rivers, lakes, and groundwater have develop into very restricted, which is driving scientists and engineers to search for various water sources.
Atmospheric water is one such various useful resource. For the time being, all potential options that would resolve the water scarcity difficulty ought to be examined rigorously.
Nanotechnology can engineer materials and design the fabric with properly managed dimension, shapes, and properties. So it has an enormous chance to enhance its effectivity.
Laurel: Your analysis focuses on the cloud seeding materials itself, particularly the nanomaterials as you talked about, which is a more practical device in producing rain from present clouds. What are typical cloud seeding supplies, after which how does nanotechnology come into play?
Dr. Zou: The traditional cloud seeding supplies embody principally hydroscopic salt combination, which may change from salt crystals into water droplets on the proper situation. The supply of this salt is to vaporize them by ignition by a flare system. This salt vapor then will recondense as very small particles. As a result of the method is random and unsure, the shape and dimension of the particle can’t be managed and most are in all probability too small to be efficient cloud seeding supplies.
The traditional cloud seeding materials can solely be activated at a really excessive relative humidity in ambiance within the cloud, similar to larger than 75% relative humidity. In my undertaking, we’ve modified the floor of the fabric to make it extra reactive so it might work at a decrease and wider relative humidity to make it extra more likely to occur.
To realize this, we use the nanotechnology to deposit titanium dioxide nanoparticles as a shell layer and sodium chloride crystal core. This nanoengineered shell core structured materials may be activated at a lot broader relative humidity situations similar to about 65%. As a result of the coated nanolayers are extra hydrophilic and porous, the water may be absorbed simply and enhance the native relative humidity of the crystals and enhance the likelihood of forming water droplets. So it’s a synergistic impact.
Laurel: You’ve got additionally developed one other form of know-how, ice nucleating particles. How do these examine to cloud seeding supplies?
Dr. Zou: Sure. As you already know, chilly clouds with sub-zero temperatures are additionally current within the ambiance. They’re product of many tremendous cooled water vapors, so though they’re beneath zero, they continue to be as vapor. As soon as such cloud encounters the ice nucleation particles, they quickly kind a lot of ice crystals and bypass the liquid water section. So that they kind tremendous cool vapor and crystallize into ice particles.
Ice nucleation is essential. It’s going to provoke from the skinny water layer fashioned on the floor of the ice nuclease, and the ice will develop quickly on the expense of the water vapor within the cloud. We designed and fabricated a porous nanocomposite of 3D lowered graphite oxide and silica dioxide nanoparticles. This materials can provoke ice nucleation adopted by speedy development ranging from a temperature of minus 80 levels. This temperature is far greater than most different identified ice nucleate materials. Typically they require minus 25 levels and even decrease.
Laurel: That is very essential as a result of the cloud seeding supplies go very excessive up into the ambiance the place it is rather chilly, right?
Dr. Zou: Sure. The upper you progress as much as the ambiance, rapidly transferring into subzero and really chilly.
Laurel: Prior to now, one of many challenges scientists encountered when researching cloud seeding was the shortage of a simulation atmosphere. You took this on as a part of your analysis. What did you develop and the way will it facilitate future analysis?
Dr. Zou: It’s a problem space and I’ve collaborated with the Cloud Microphysics Modeling Worldwide staff. The innovation of my undertaking is the traits information we obtained from the experiment. This information describing my new seeding supplies property and their interactions in ambiance. So we will use them as enter to develop one-dimensional and three-dimensional modeling of precipitation enhancement attributable to cloud seeding, and the outcomes show fairly profitable.
Laurel: Might you describe that climate chamber that you just utilized in your experiments? What are the challenges with then deploying the fabric out in the actual world?
Dr. Zou: The cloud chamber is a three-dimensional experimental atmosphere. They differ in dimension. There’s a small one, a medium one, and a big one. The small one may very well be 20 meters and the big one may very well be like a constructing. I used an eight cubic meter chamber with managed humidity and temperature. A tool on the prime of the chamber releases the seeding supplies.
Instantly after the seeding is launched, the digital tools, that are digital optical cameras, will rapidly take many, many photographs to report the picture whereas the seeding materials’s falling. Then we will later analyze at what stage the droplets fashioned and at what quantity and dimension of the droplets. We are able to do a spectrum evaluation and to search out out their vapor condensation, the droplet formation, and the scale and the variety of the droplets. Utilizing this data is excellent to match the efficiency of various supplies, and we did that extensively.
Laurel: Then in the actual world the place we do not have this managed chamber, it is not fairly as simple essentially to measure that form of success.
Dr. Zou: Sure, you’re proper. Within the open atmosphere, it is tougher.
Laurel: Your analysis signifies a milestone towards reaching larger water safety on the planet. What sort of impact can cloud seeding doubtlessly have on a rustic, just like the UAE, which generally solely information 4 inches of rain in a 12 months?
Dr. Zou: Yeah. UAE is within the arid local weather zone, and the federal government has already taken the initiative of this UAE analysis program for re-enhancement science. We name them UAEREP [United Arab Emirates Research Program for Rain Enhancement Science]. My analysis work has been supported of their first cycle and acquired glorious worldwide publicity.
At the moment, along with the Nationwide Middle of Meteorology of the UAE, we will see the applying of those new seeding supplies in actual operations in a short time throughout UAE to extend the rainfall.
Laurel: Again to your know-how, you filed a patent on the cloud seeding materials itself. What are you engaged on now, and what are you interested by subsequent?
Dr. Zou: Yeah. One patent is filed on the titanium dioxide, sodium chloride materials for heat cloud seeding, and one other patent is filed for porous graphite oxide, silica dioxide, nano compensated for chilly cloud seeding.
For the time being, I am working collaboratively on a undertaking to judge the consequences of those supplies within the open air. A staff of pilots is conducting an investigation by releasing the seeding supplies and in actual time capturing and analyzing them. It’s totally promising to know extra in regards to the results of this seeding materials.
However, I’m additionally devoted to the size up of the manufacturing, scale back the associated fee, and the applying of the supplies. We’re wanting ahead to transferring the seeding supplies from laboratory to the business enterprise for not solely cloud seeding purposes, however wider purposes, similar to completely different climate modification efforts, together with agriculture or crop safety, hail, or storm suppression, and the synthetic snow making on the ski resort. Sure, such kind of purposes.
Laurel: Definitely, a variety of potential business ventures. You might be additionally pursuing funding initiatives at this level too, in your analysis. Is that right?
Dr. Zou: We need to transfer the supplies, as I discussed, from laboratory already and scale up, so it has an opportunity of reaching the market and to achieve many alternative elements of the world as properly, as a result of there are such a lot of nations worldwide that observe climate modification.
Laurel: Dr. Zou, thanks a lot for being with us right here on the Enterprise Lab. This has been an absolute, implausible dialog.
Dr. Zou: Thanks for having me.
Laurel: That was Dr. Linda Zou, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Khalifa College of Science and Know-how, who I spoke with from Cambridge, Massachusetts, the house of MIT and MIT Know-how Assessment, overlooking the Charles River.
That is it for this episode of Enterprise Lab. I am your host, Laurel Ruma. I am the Director of Insights, the customized publishing division of MIT Know-how Assessment. We have been based in 1899 on the Massachusetts Institute of Know-how, and you will discover us in print on the internet and at occasions annually all over the world. For extra details about us and the present, please try our web site at technologyreview.com.
This present is accessible wherever you get your podcasts. In the event you loved this episode, we hope you may take a second to fee and evaluation us. Enterprise Lab is a manufacturing of MIT Know-how Assessment. This episode was produced by Collective Subsequent. Thanks for listening.
This podcast episode was produced by Insights, the customized content material arm of MIT Know-how Assessment. It was not written by MIT Know-how Assessment’s editorial workers.
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